million people affected worldwide
Current Treatments
Psychedelic research currently is in Not Applicable
Psychedelic's are allowing neuroscientists to peer into the brain like never before. Thanks to modern neuroimaging techniques, scientists are not only unearthing the mechanisms by which psychedelics act on the brain and their subsequent therapeutic effects, but they are also enhancing our understanding of human consciousness.
Key Insights
- Modern imaging techniques (fMRI, EEG) help us understand through which mechanisms psychedelics have their influence on the brain. This helps us understand both the acute (psychedelic) effects, and how they can lead to long-term positive outcomes.
- Through the disruption of abhorrant mechanisms, for instance activity in the Default Mode Network (DMN), psychedelics can have therapeutic effects that are evident for up to years later. Several encompassing theories such as the entropic brain and its descendant REBUS help explain how this can happen at different levels.
- Neuroscience can help validate how psychedelics work and help regulators make choices about the safety (and efficacy) of psychedelics.
What is Neuroscience?
Neuroscience is the scientific study of the body’s nervous system. The nervous system is comprised of a complex network of nerves and cells that are tasked with coordinating actions and sensory information by relaying signals to and from different parts of the body. Originating in the brain, the nervous system controls one’s movements, thoughts and responses to both internal and external stimuli. Furthermore, the nervous system helps to control all other body systems.
The nervous system is subdivided into two main systems: the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system. The central nervous system is comprised of the brain and the spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that branch out from the spinal cord which connect other parts of the body to the central nervous system. Importantly, the brain is the main organ of the nervous system, acting as the body’s command centre.
The brain is a complex organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our body. The brain works by receiving and sending both chemical and electrical signals throughout the body as necessary. Each different region of the brain is responsible for controlling other bodily functions. For example, the hippocampus supports memory, learning and perception of space, whereas the amygdala regulates emotion and memory and is associated with the brain’s reward system [1].
Given the central role the brain plays in almost every aspect of our bodily functions, scientists are always seeking to better our understanding of this complex organ. To do so, scientists are always searching for new tools to peer deeper into the brain. Now, however, scientists are successfully combining modern technologies like MRI machines and EEGs with a class of psychoactive drugs that have been used throughout history, psychedelics.
Psychedelics and Neuroscience
Psychedelics are proving to be valuable tools in the realm of neuroscience. By utilizing modern technology and techniques, scientists are not only unearthing how psychedelics have the ability to produce such profound effects in the brain, but they are also helping us to better understand how psychedelics exert their therapeutic effects.
However, given that this research is in its infancy, much of the exact science remains speculative. As we progress through the psychedelic renaissance, scientists are gradually transforming these speculations into solid scientific evidence. For instance, scientists are now fairly certain that classical/serotonergic psychedelics exert their therapeutic effects, in part, by altering the brains’ default mode network (DMN).
The DMN is a network of interacting brain regions that is active when a person is not focused on the outside world, when the brain is at wakeful rest, such as during daydreaming and mind-wandering [2]. The collection of pathways within the DMN govern our self-image, our autobiographical memories, and our deeply ingrained beliefs and thought patterns [3].
Abnormal functioning of the DMN has been implicated in numerous mental disorders. For example, in depression, the DMN has been shown to be hyperactive using functional MRI (fMRI). Hyperactivity in this region can lead to negative rumination, the process of continuously thinking about the same thoughts [4]. fMRI techniques have shown that psychedelics have the ability to disrupt these engrained patterns of rumination within the DMN.
By stimulating 5-HT2A receptors, psychedelics like psilocybin downplay hyperactivity in the DMN which in turn, allows patients to work through their issues with more ease. Additionally, it appears that activation of these receptors can have long-lasting effects on brain function which enhances therapeutic outcomes [5]. Though this view is held by many researchers, this isn’t the only mechanism at work nor should be taken as being solely responsible as a causal mechanism of psychedelics’ therapeutic effects.
Modern psychedelic neuroscience research
The research team at Imperial College London’s Centre for Psychedelic Research have been using neuroimaging techniques like fMRI to explore the effects of psychedelics on the brain for the past decade. Led by Dr. Robin Carhart-Harris, the team at Imperial have used functional neuroimaging to examine the brain under the influence of psilocybin, LSD, MDMA and DMT, as well as conducting various clinical trials into the effects psychedelics have on mental disorders.
In a 2014 seminal paper, Carhart-Harris and colleagues proposed a theory of conscious states in the brain informed by neuroimaging studies of psychedelic drugs; entropic brain theory. In short, by incorporating principles of physics, neurobiology and psychoanalysis, the theory proposes that there are two different forms of cognition that the researchers term the ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’ states.
The secondary state is our normal waking state, in which we try to limit our surprise and uncertainty about the world, or limit ‘high entropy.’ In ‘primary states,’ such as the psychedelic state, the downregulation of the DMN creates less entropy and in turn, causes the brain to enter a more critical state. In this more critical state, normal patterns of brain activity, such as those associated with mental disorders, are broken down which allows people to gain therapeutic benefit from the psychedelic experience.
Carhart-Harris and colleagues revisited their entropic brain theory in a 2018 paper, offering further evidence for this hypothesis. In 2019, Carhart-Harris combined this entropy hypothesis with a leading model of global brain function, hierarchical predictive coding. Working with Karl J. Friston, the pair termed this formulation ‘relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS) and the anarchic brain.’
The Centre for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research at Johns Hopkins University is another research group that is using psychedelics to delve into human consciousness. The centre’s director Dr. Roland Griffiths, and associate director Dr. Matthew Johnson, are two of the biggest names in the world of psychedelics.
In 2006, Griffiths and colleagues published one of the first research papers since the blanket ban on psychedelic research in the 1970s. Not only did they find that psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences, but these findings were also associated with long-lasting positive changes in people’s mood, attitudes and behaviour [6].
The findings from this study had neuroscientists across the globe wondering what the nature of these mystical experiences is and how do they elicit positive changes in people’s behaviour. In 2015, the team at Johns Hopkins were able to further validate their findings by revising the Mystical Experience Questionnaire which was developed by Walter Pahnke during the first wave of psychedelic research.
Dr. Fredrick Barrett has led numerous neuroimaging studies at Johns Hopkins investigating the effects psychedelics have on the brain. Barrett and colleagues found there to be lower functional connectivity within the DMN in trial participants who received a high dose of psilocybin. Changes in brain function were also present one day after their psilocybin experience [7].
Interestingly, using neuroimaging techniques, Barrett and colleagues also showed that serotonin receptor (5-HT2RA) signalling is responsible for the neural changes that occur in response to music when a person is under the influence of LSD [8].
More research centres exploring the effects psychedelics have on the brain, like those at Imperial and Johns Hopkins, are emerging as we progress through this third wave of psychedelic research.
A team at the University of California Davis showed that psychedelics promote structural and functional neuroplasticity in both in vitro and in vivo models [9]. Neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s ability to modify, change, and adapt both structure and function throughout life and in response to experience and therefore, the aforementioned findings could be beneficial for mental disorders.
In March 2021, the University of California San Francisco launched The Neuroscape Psychedelic Division. Led by Dr. Robin Carhart-Harris, the team aim to investigate the positive influence of psychedelics on long-term neuroplasticity and neural network dynamics in healthy human research participants using various neuroimaging techniques.
Working with Harvard University, Massachusetts General Hospital recently opened its Center for the Neuroscience of Psychedelics to better understand how psychedelics enhance the brain’s capacity for change, optimize current treatments and create new treatments for mental illness.
Understanding the neuronal basis of how psychedelics affect the brain is essential for realizing the therapeutic potential of psychedelics. Findings from such research not only inform scientists but also regulatory bodies who are tasked with determining the safety and efficacy of psychedelic treatment models so that they can be brought to market.
References
1. Hopkins Medicine. (n.d). Brain Anatomy and How the Brain Works. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/anatomy-of-the-brain
2. Voelcker-Rehage, C., Nienmann, C., Hübner, L., Godde, B., & Winneke, A. (2016). Sports and Exercise Psychology Research: From Theory to Practice. Academic Press. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128036341000030
3. Buckner, R., Andrews-Hanna, J., & Schacter, D. (2008). The brain’s default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18400922/
4. Sheline, Y., Barch, D., Price, J., Rundle, M., Snyder, A., Mintun, M., . . . Raichle, M. (2009). The default mode network and self-referential processes in depression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://www.pnas.org/content/106/6/1942
5. Nutt, D. (2019). Psychedelic drugs-a new era in psychiatry? Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 139-147.
6. Griffiths, R., Richards, W., McCann, U., & Jesse, R. (2006). Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance. Psychopharmacology.
7. Barrett, F., Johnson, M., & Griffiths, R. (2017). Psilocybin in long-term meditators: Effects on default mode network functional connectivity and retrospective ratings of qualitative experience. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871616302988
8. Barrett, F., Preller, K., Herdener, M., Janata, P., & Vollenweider, F. (2020). Serotonin 2A Receptor Signaling Underlies LSD-induced Alteration of the Neural Response to Dynamic Changes in Music. Journal of Contextual Behavioural Science.
9. Ly, C., Greb, A., Cameron, L., Wong, J., Barragan, E., Wilson, P., . . . Olson, D. (2018). Psychedelics Promote Structural and Functional Neural Plasticity. Cell Reports.
Highlighted Institutes
These are the institutes, from companies to universities, who are working on Neuroscience.
McGill University
Psychedelic research is well underway at McGill University. At the Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, researchers are assessing the effects of psychedelics at the behavioral, brain circuit, neuronal, and subcellular levels.
Johns Hopkins University
Johns Hopkins University (Medicine) is host to the Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, which is one of the leading research institutes into psychedelics. The center is led by Roland Griffiths and Matthew Johnson.
Imperial College London
The Centre for Psychedelic Research studies the action (in the brain) and clinical use of psychedelics, with a focus on depression.
Harvard University
Harvard is working with Mass General and their team at the Center for the Neuroscience of Psychedelics. Harvard Law School recently launched their POPLAR initiative.
University of California San Francisco
At UCSF, there are two research teams dedicated to the study of psychedelics; the Neuroscape Psychedelic Division and the Translational Psychedelic Research Program.
Highlighted People
These are some of the best-known people, from researchers to entrepreneurs, working on Neuroscience.
Robin Carhart-Harris
Dr. Robin Carhart-Harris is the Founding Director of the Neuroscape Psychedelics Division at UCSF. Previously he led the Psychedelic group at Imperial College London.
Roland Griffiths
Roland R. Griffiths is one of the strongest voices in psychedelics research. With over 400 journal articles under his belt and as one of the first researchers in the psychedelics renaissance, he has been a vital part of the research community.
Frederick Barrett
Frederick Streeter Barrett is an Assistant Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and works at the Johns Hopkins University Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research.
Matthew Johnson
Matthew Johnson is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Johns Hopkins University. His research is concerned with addiction medicine, drug abuse, and drug dependence.
Linked Research Papers about Neuroscience
A narrative synthesis of research with 5-MeO-DMT
Production Options for Psilocybin: Making of the Magic
Effects of ketamine, dexmedetomidine and propofol anesthesia on emotional memory consolidation in rats: Consequences for the development of post-traumatic stress disorder
Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
Serotonergic psychedelic drugs LSD and psilocybin reduce the hierarchical differentiation of unimodal and transmodal cortex
Towards psychedelic apprenticeship: Developing a gentle touch for the mediation and validation of psychedelic-induced insights and revelations
Naturalistic Entheogenics: Précis of Philosophy of Psychedelics
Psilocybin induces spatially constrained alterations in thalamic functional organization and connectivity
Improvement of functional neurological disorder after administration of esketamine nasal spray: a case report
Mental health of a self-selected sample of psychedelic users and self-medication practices with psychedelics
Effective connectivity of functionally anticorrelated networks under LSD
Psychedelics and hypnosis: Commonalities and therapeutic implications
MDMA-induced changes in within-network connectivity contradict the specificity of these alterations for the effects of serotonergic hallucinogens
Oxytocin receptor gene variations and socio-emotional effects of MDMA: A pooled analysis of controlled studies in healthy subjects
A Multidisciplinary Hypothesis about Serotonergic Psychedelics. Is it Possible that a Portion of Brain Serotonin Comes From the Gut?
Psilocybin links binocular rivalry switch rate to attention and subjective arousal levels in humans
Spectral signatures of serotonergic psychedelics and glutamatergic dissociatives
Entactogens: How the Name for a Novel Class of Psychoactive Agents Originated
Increased low-frequency brain responses to music after psilocybin therapy for depression
Common neural signatures of psychedelics: frequency-specific energy changes and repertoire expansion revealed using connectome-harmonic decomposition
Mapping Pharmacologically-induced Functional Reorganisation onto the Brain’s Neurotransmitter Landscape
Psilocybin induces schizophrenia-like psychosis in humans via a serotonin-2 agonist action
Replication and extension of a model predicting response to psilocybin
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lysergic acid diethylamide microdoses in healthy participants
Preliminary evidence of links between ayahuasca use and the corpus callosum
Serotonergic psychedelics LSD & psilocybin increase the fractal dimension of cortical brain activity in spatial and temporal domains
Harmine stimulates proliferation of human neural progenitors
Language Models Learn Sentiment and Substance from 11,000 Psychoactive Experiences
Decreased directed functional connectivity in the psychedelic state
Psychological and cardiovascular effects and short-term sequelae of MDMA (“ecstasy”) in MDMA-naıve healthy volunteers
Neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin
On the Varieties of Conscious Experiences: Altered Beliefs Under Psychedelics (ALBUS)
Acute psychological effects of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA,“Ecstasy”) are attenuated by the serotonin uptake inhibitor citalopram
Psilocybin in long-term meditators: Effects on default mode network functional connectivity and retrospective ratings of qualitative experience
Language as a Window Into the Altered State of Consciousness Elicited by Psychedelic Drugs
Classic and dissociative psychedelics induce similar hyper-synchronous states in the cognitive-limbic cortex-basal ganglia system
Brain serotonin 2A receptor binding predicts subjective temporal and mystical effects of psilocybin in healthy humans
Trips and Neurotransmitters: Discovering Principled Patterns across 6,850 Hallucinogenic Experiences
Low doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) increase reward-related brain activity
Seeing with the eyes shut: Neural basis of enhanced imagery following ayahuasca ingestion
Dreamlike effects of LSD on waking imagery in humans depend on serotonin 2A receptor activation
Phenomenology, Structure, and Dynamic of Psychedelic States
Ketamine accelerates fear extinction via mTORC1 signaling
LSD Increases Primary Process Thinking via Serotonin 2A Receptor Activation
LSD-stimulated behaviors in mice require β-arrestin 2 but not β-arrestin 1
Low Doses of LSD Acutely Increase BDNF Blood Plasma Levels in Healthy Volunteers
Possible role of biochemiluminescent photons for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)-induced phosphenes and visual hallucinations
The kappa opioid receptor and the sleep of reason: Cortico-subcortical imbalance following salvinorin-A
Human behavioral pharmacology of psychedelics
Differential contributions of serotonergic and dopaminergic functional connectivity to the phenomenology of LSD
Rostral Anterior Cingulate Thickness Predicts the Emotional Psilocybin Experience
Psilocybin-Induced Mystical-Type Experiences are Related to Persisting Positive Effects: A Quantitative and Qualitative Report
LSD alters dynamic integration and segregation in the human brain
Sustained effects of single doses of classical psychedelics in humans
A Single Belief-Changing Psychedelic Experience Is Associated With Increased Attribution of Consciousness to Living and Non-living Entities
Psilocybin therapy increases cognitive and neural flexibility in patients with major depressive disorder
Mescaline: The forgotten psychedelic
Psilocybin Combines Rapid Synaptogenic And Anti-Inflammatory Effects In Vitro
Models of Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Contemporary Assessment and an Introduction to EMBARK, a Transdiagnostic, Trans-Drug Model
Investigation of serotonin-1A receptor function in the human psychopharmacology of MDMA
Improved colour blindness symptoms associated with recreational psychedelic use: Results from the Global Drug Survey 2017
Differences in personality, cognitive abilities, illicit drug use, and white matter structural integrity between hallucinogen users and matched controls
Psilocybin induces rapid and persistent growth of dendritic spines in frontal cortex in vivo
Transient memory impairment after acute dose of 75mg 3.4-Methylene-dioxymethamphetamine
A unified model of ketamine’s dissociative and psychedelic properties
Effects of acute MDMA intoxication on mood and impulsivity: role of the 5-HT 2 and 5-HT 1 receptors
Hallucinogens
Brain dynamics predictive of response to psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression
Dissolving the self: Active inference, psychedelics, and ego-dissolution
Psilocin acutely disrupts sleep and affects local but not global sleep homeostasis in laboratory mice
Psilocybin-induced decrease in amygdala reactivity correlates with enhanced positive mood in healthy volunteers
An analog of psychedelics restores functional neural circuits disrupted by unpredictable stress
Acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide on circulating steroid levels in healthy subjects
Pharmacodynamic interactions between ketamine and psychiatric medications used in the treatment of depression: a systematic review
Working with Weirdness: A Response to “Moving Past Mysticism in Psychedelic Science”
The role of extracellular serotonin and MDMA in the sensitizing effects of MDMA
Emotions and brain function are altered up to one month after a single high dose of psilocybin
New insights into the clinical and nonclinical effects of psychedelic substances: An integrative review.
Altered insula connectivity under MDMA
Default Mode Network Modulation by Psychedelics: A Systematic Review
Acute pharmacological effects of 2C-B in humans: An observational study
Pharmacological Mechanism of the Non-hallucinogenic 5-HT2A Agonist Ariadne and Analogs
Biomarkers of ketamine's antidepressant effect: An umbrella review
LSD flattens the functional hierarchy of the human brain
Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationships of Psychedelics
Dynamic reconfiguration of frequency-specific cortical coactivation patterns during psychedelic and anesthetized states induced by ketamine
Harmines inhibit cancer cell growth through coordinated activation of apoptosis and inhibition of autophagy
Acute effects of ketamine and esketamine on cognition in healthy subjects: A meta-analysis
Flashback: psychiatric experimentation with LSD in historical perspective
Magic Mushroom Use: A Qualitative Interview Study of Post-Trip Impacts and Strategies for Optimizing Experiences
Neural correlates of the DMT experience assessed via multivariate EEG
Do NMDA-R Antagonists Re-Create Patterns of Spontaneous Gamma-Band Activity in Schizophrenia? A Systematic Review and Perspective
Predictors and potentiators of psychedelic-occasioned mystical experiences
Signaling snapshots of a serotonin receptor activated by the prototypical psychedelic LSD
Ayahuasca in adolescence: a neuropsychological assessment
Lasting effects of a single psilocybin dose on resting-state functional connectivity in healthy individuals
Psychedelics and health behaviour change
Psilocybin-induced spiritual experiences and insightfulness are associated with synchronization of neuronal oscillations
Influence of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25) on Subjective Time
Noribogaine is a G-Protein Biased κ-Opioid Receptor Agonist
Self-Care Practices with Psychedelics – A Qualitative Study of Users’ Perspectives
Greater empathy in MDMA users
MDMA, cannabis, and cocaine produce acute dissociative symptoms
Neurochemical models of near-death experiences: A large-scale study based on the semantic similarity of written reports
Effects of serotonin 2A/1A receptor stimulation on social exclusion processing
Psilocybin modulation of time-varying functional connectivity is associated with plasma psilocin and subjective effects
Disintegrating and Reintegrating the Self – (In)Flexible Self-Models in Depersonalisation and Psychedelic Experiences
More than meets the eye: The role of sensory dimensions in psychedelic brain dynamics, experience, and therapeutics
Trait Openness and serotonin 2A receptors in healthy volunteers: A positron emission tomography study
Family of Structurally Related Bioconjugates Yields Antibodies with Differential Selectivity against Ketamine and 6-Hydroxynorketamine
Effects of acute and repeated treatment with serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist hallucinogens on intracranial self-stimulation in rats
Characterizing thalamocortical (dys)connectivity following d-amphetamine, LSD, and MDMA administration
Psychedelic medicine: a re-emerging therapeutic paradigm
Dose-response relationships of LSD-induced subjective experiences in humans
Awe: a putative mechanism underlying the effects of classic psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy
Classic Psychedelic Drugs: Update on Biological Mechanisms
Psilocybin disrupts sensory and higher order cognitive processing but not pre-attentive cognitive processing—study on P300 and mismatch negativity in healthy volunteers
LSD-induced entropic brain activity predicts subsequent personality change
Does psychedelic therapy have a transdiagnostic action and prophylactic potential?
Development of the Psychological Insight Questionnaire among a sample of people who have consumed psilocybin or LSD
Effect of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on reinforcement learning in humans
Looking for the Self: Phenomenology, Neurophysiology and Philosophical Significance of Drug-induced Ego Dissolution
Differences Between the Mechanism of Action of MDMA, MBDB, and the Classic Hallucinogens. Identification of a New Therapeutic Class: Entactogens
Direct comparison of the acute subjective, emotional, autonomic, and endocrine effects of MDMA, methylphenidate, and modafinil in healthy subjects
Discovery of G Protein-Biased Antagonists against 5-HT7R
Neural mechanisms of imagery under psilocybin
Role of serotonin transporter and receptor gene variations in the acute effects of MDMA in healthy subjects
5-HT2CR Is as Important as 5-HT2AR in Inducing Hallucinogenic Effects in Serotonergic Compounds
The psychopharmacology of hallucinogens
Systemic enhancement of serotonin signaling reverses social deficits in multiple mouse models for ASD
Sex differences and serotonergic mechanisms in the behavioural effects of psilocin
Direct comparison of the acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects
Pharmacokinetics of Hoasca alkaloids in healthy humans
Depressive mood ratings are reduced by MDMA in female polydrug ecstasy users homozygous for the l-allele of the serotonin transporter
Harmine produces antidepressant-like effects via restoration of astrocytic functions
Biochemical Mechanisms Underlying Psychedelic-Induced Neuroplasticity
Participation in an indigenous Amazonian led ayahuasca retreat associated with increases in nature relatedness – a pilot study
MDMA-Induced Dissociative State not Mediated by the 5-HT2A Receptor
The neural basis of psychedelic action
The Mechanisms of Psychedelic Visionary Experiences: Hypotheses from Evolutionary Psychology
Psychedelic effects of psilocybin correlate with serotonin 2A receptor occupancy and plasma psilocin levels
Dreams and psychedelics: neurophenomenological comparison and therapeutic implications
On Revelations and Revolutions: Drinking Ayahuasca Among Palestinians Under Israeli Occupation
Distributed harmonic patterns of structure-function dependence orchestrate human consciousness
Me, myself, bye: regional alterations in glutamate and the experience of ego dissolution with psilocybin
Effects of the 5-HT2A Agonist Psilocybin on Mismatch Negativity Generation and AX-Continuous Performance Task: Implications for the Neuropharmacology of Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia
Psilocybin induces time-dependent changes in global functional connectivity: Psi-induced changes in brain connectivity
Neuroimaging of chronic MDMA (“ecstasy”) effects: A meta-analysis
Acute and subacute psychoactive effects of Kambô, the secretion of the Amazonian Giant Maki Frog (Phyllomedusa bicolor): retrospective reports
Receptor Interaction Profiles of 4-Alkoxy-3,5-Dimethoxy-Phenethylamines (Mescaline Derivatives) and Related Amphetamines
Human pharmacology of ayahuasca: subjective and cardiovascular effects, monoamine metabolite excretion, and pharmacokinetics
Effect of ecstasy [3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)] on cerebral blood flow: a co-registered SPECT and MRI study
Towards an understanding of psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity
In vivo effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its deuterated form in rodents: Drug discrimination and thermoregulation.
Altered network hub connectivity after acute LSD administration
Separating the agony from ecstasy: R(-)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine has prosocial and therapeutic-like effects without signs of neurotoxicity in mice
Comparison of psychedelic and near-death or other non-ordinary experiences in changing attitudes about death and dying
Psychological effects of (S)-ketamine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT): a double-blind, cross-over study in healthy volunteers
Ayahuasca, a psychedelic beverage, modulates neuroplasticity induced by ethanol in mice
Increased thalamic resting state connectivity as a core driver of LSD-induced hallucinations
Increased global functional connectivity correlates with LSD-induced ego dissolution
Using Psilocybin to Investigate the Relationship between Attention, Working Memory, and the Serotonin 1A and 2A Receptors
The mixed serotonin receptor agonist psilocybin reduces threat-induced modulation of amygdala connectivity
β-Carboline Compounds, Including Harmine, Inhibit DYRK1A and Tau Phosphorylation at Multiple Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Sites
The paradoxical psychological effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
Psychedelic Experiences and Mindfulness are Associated with Improved Wellbeing
Acute effects of LSD on amygdala activity during processing of fearful stimuli in healthy subjects
In Vivo Imaging of Cerebral Serotonin Transporter and Serotonin 2A Receptor Binding in MDMA and Hallucinogen Users
Acute dose of MDMA (75 mg) impairs spatial memory for location but leaves contextual processing of visuospatial information unaffected
Views on Using Psychoactive Substances to Self-Manage Functional Neurological Disorder: Online Patient Survey Results
Effects of psilocybin on time perception and temporal control of behaviour in humans
Psychedelic Drugs in Biomedicine
Psychedelic Therapy's Transdiagnostic Effects: A Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Perspective
Psychedelic Resting-state Neuroimaging: A Review and Perspective on Balancing Replication and Novel Analyses
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral psilocybin administration in healthy participants
Modulation of Social Cognition via Hallucinogens and “Entactogens”.
Tripping on nothing: placebo psychedelics and contextual factors
Nootropic effects of LSD: Behavioral, molecular and computational evidence
Reduced precision underwrites ego dissolution and therapeutic outcomes under psychedelics
The effect of acutely administered MDMA on subjective and BOLD-fMRI responses to favourite and worst autobiographical memories
Distinct acute effects of LSD, MDMA, and D-amphetamine in healthy subjects.
The Acute Effects of Psychoactive Drugs on Emotional Episodic Memory Encoding, Consolidation, and Retrieval
Significance of mammalian N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT): A 60-year-old debate
LSD modulates music-induced imagery via changes in parahippocampal connectivity
Ibogaine: a review
Repeated lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) reverses stress-induced anxiety-like behavior, cortical synaptogenesis deficits and serotonergic neurotransmission decline
Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy—A Systematic Review of Associated Psychological Interventions
Connectome-harmonic decomposition of human brain activity reveals dynamical repertoire re-organization under LSD
Application of machine learning and complex network measures to an EEG dataset from ayahuasca experiments
How Low-Doses Of Psychedelics Compliment High Dose Experiences: Observational Evidence In Naturalistic Settings
Effects of classic psychedelic drugs on turbulent signatures in brain dynamics
Decreased mental time travel to the past correlates with default-mode network disintegration under lysergic acid diethylamide
Psychedelic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: metabolism, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and pharmacological actions
Increased global integration in the brain after psilocybin therapy for depression
Psilocybin-Induced Deficits in Automatic and Controlled Inhibition are Attenuated by Ketanserin in Healthy Human Volunteers
The NMDA antagonist ketamine and the 5-HT agonist psilocybin produce dissociable effects on structural encoding of emotional face expressions
Prolonged epigenomic and synaptic plasticity alterations following single exposure to a psychedelic in mice
LSD alters eyes‐closed functional connectivity within the early visual cortex in a retinotopic fashion
Unique Effects of Sedatives, Dissociatives, Psychedelics, Stimulants, and Cannabinoids on Episodic Memory: A Review and Reanalysis of Acute Drug Effects on Recollection, Familiarity, and Metamemory
A placebo-controlled investigation of synaesthesia-like experiences under LSD
MDMA and brain activity during neurocognitive performance: An overview of neuroimaging studies with abstinent ‘Ecstasy’ users
LSD-induced increase of Ising temperature and algorithmic complexity of brain dynamics
Moving Past Mysticism in Psychedelic Science
A network model of the modulation of gamma oscillations by NMDA receptors in cerebral cortex
On the fallibility of placebo control and how to address it: a case study in psychedelic microdosing
Neural Plasticity in the Ventral Tegmental Area, Aversive Motivation during Drug Withdrawal and Hallucinogenic Therapy
Semantic activation in LSD: evidence from picture naming
The effect of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on whole-brain functional and effective connectivity
Emotional breakthrough and psychedelics: validation of the emotional breakthrough inventory
Metabolism and disposition of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and harmala alkaloids after oral administration of ayahuasca
Endogenous hallucinogens as ligands of the trace amine receptors: A possible role in sensory perception
Methylone and MDMA Pharmacokinetics Following Controlled Administration in Humans
Effects of LSD on music-evoked brain activity
Genuine and drug-induced synesthesia: a comparison
The Altered States Database: Psychometric data from a systematic literature review
MDMA-induced indifference to negative sounds is mediated by the 5-HT2A receptor
Toward a contextual psychedelic-assisted therapy: Perspectives from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and contextual behavioral science
Repeated lysergic acid diethylamide in an animal model of depression: Normalisation of learning behaviour and hippocampal serotonin 5-HT2 signalling
Human psychopharmacology and dose-effects of salvinorin A, a kappa opioid agonist hallucinogen present in the plant Salvia divinorum
The alkaloids of Banisteriopsis caapi, the plant source of the Amazonian hallucinogen Ayahuasca, stimulate adult neurogenesis in vitro
Future Directions for Clinical Psilocybin Research: The Relaxed Symptom Network
Metabolism of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): an update
Human Cortical Serotonin 2A Receptor Occupancy by Psilocybin Measured Using [11C]MDL 100,907 Dynamic PET and a Resting-State fMRI-Based Brain Parcellation
LSD, afterglow and hangover: Increased episodic memory and verbal fluency, decreased cognitive flexibility
A possibly sigma-1 receptor mediated role of dimethyltryptamine in tissue protection, regeneration, and immunity
Prospective examination of the therapeutic role of psychological flexibility and cognitive reappraisal in the ceremonial use of ayahuasca
Neuroimaging in psychedelic drug development: Past, present, and future
The Effects of Hallucinogens on Gene Expression
The clinical pharmacology and potential therapeutic applications of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT)
Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and subjective effects of 50, 75, and 100 µg LSD in healthy participants within a novel intervention paradigm: A proof-of-concept study
Altered brain activity and functional connectivity after MDMA-assisted therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder
Increased oxytocin concentrations and prosocial feelings in humans after ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) administration
Spatiotemporal Brain Dynamics of Emotional Face Processing Modulations Induced by the Serotonin 1A/2A Receptor Agonist Psilocybin
Ritualistic use of ayahuasca enhances a shared functional connectome identity with others
P300-mediated modulations in self-other processing under psychedelic psilocybin are related to connectedness and changed meaning: A window into the self-other overlap
Perceptions of safety, subjective effects, and beliefs about the clinical utility of lysergic acid diethylamide in healthy participants within a novel intervention paradigm: Qualitative results from a proof-of-concept study
Psilocybin-assisted mindfulness training modulates self-consciousness and brain default mode network connectivity with lasting effects
Self unbound: ego dissolution in psychedelic experience
Modulation of Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor by a Single Dose of Ayahuasca: Observation From a Randomized Controlled Trial
A continuum hypothesis of psychotomimetic rapid antidepressants
Catalysts for change: the cellular neurobiology of psychedelics
Sex differences in the effects of MDMA (ecstasy) on plasma copeptin in healthy subjects
Increased Entropic Brain Dynamics during DeepDream-Induced Altered Perceptual Phenomenology
Self-Actualization and the Integration of Psychedelic Experience: The Mediating Role of Perceived Benefits to Narrative Self-Functioning
Effects of MDMA alone and after pretreatment with reboxetine, duloxetine, clonidine, carvedilol, and doxazosin on pupillary light reflex
Potential applications for sigma receptor ligands in cancer diagnosis and therapy
Predictive feedback, early sensory representations and fast responses to predicted stimuli depend on NMDA receptors
Metabolomics and integrated network analysis reveal roles of endocannabinoids and large neutral amino acid balance in the ayahuasca experience
Changes in music-evoked emotion and ventral striatal functional connectivity after psilocybin therapy for depression
Psychedelic Cognition—The Unreached Frontier of Psychedelic Science
The chemical induction of synaesthesia
Blood d-serine levels as a predictive biomarker for the rapid antidepressant effects of the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine
α₁-Adrenergic receptors contribute to the acute effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in humans
Ketamine improves short-term plasticity in depression by enhancing sensitivity to prediction errors
Validation of the Psychological Insight Scale: A new scale to assess psychological insight following a psychedelic experience
Ketamine and Rapid-Acting Antidepressants: A Window into a New Neurobiology for Mood Disorder Therapeutics
Functional connectivity measures after psilocybin inform a novel hypothesis of early psychosis
Phenomenology and Content of the Inhaled N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (N, N-DMT) Experience
How Psychedelic-Assisted Treatment Works in the Bayesian Brain
Finding the self by losing the self: Neural correlates of ego‐dissolution under psilocybin
Subacute effects of a single dose of psilocybin on biomarkers of inflammation in healthy humans: An open-label preliminary investigation
The effects of psilocybin and MDMA on between-network resting state functional connectivity in healthy volunteers
Dose-related Behavioral, Subjective, Endocrine and Psychophysiological Effects Of the Kappa Opioid Agonist Salvinorin A in Humans
Investigating the Mechanisms of Hallucinogen-Induced Visions Using 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA): A Randomized Controlled Trial in Humans
Genetic influence of CYP2D6 on pharmacokinetics and acute subjective effects of LSD in a pooled analysis
The effects of acutely administered 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine on spontaneous brain function in healthy volunteers measured with arterial spin labeling and blood oxygen level–dependent resting state functional connectivity
Serotonergic hallucinogens and recognition of facial emotion expressions: a systematic review of the literature.
Transcriptomics-informed large-scale cortical model captures topography of pharmacological neuroimaging effects of LSD
Characterization of behavioral and endocrine effects of LSD on zebrafish
Serotonin transporter-ibogaine complexes illuminate mechanisms of inhibition and transport
The administration of psilocybin to healthy, hallucinogen-experienced volunteers in a mock-functional magnetic resonance imaging environment: a preliminary investigation of tolerability
Virtual Reality as a Moderator of Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy
Plasma oxytocin concentrations following MDMA or intranasal oxytocin in humans
Multiple receptors contribute to the behavioral effects of indoleamine hallucinogens
Survey of subjective “God encounter experiences”: Comparisons among naturally occurring experiences and those occasioned by the classic psychedelics psilocybin, LSD, ayahuasca, or DMT
Couple Therapy with MDMA – Proposed Pathways of Action
Psychedelic drugs-a new era in psychiatry?
Psychedelics promote structural and functional neural plasticity
Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance
Psilocybin modulation of dynamic functional connectivity is associated with plasma psilocin and subjective effects
Self-Administration of Entactogen Psychostimulants Dysregulates Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and Kappa Opioid Receptor Signaling in the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala of Female Wistar Rats
Models of psychedelic drug action: modulation of cortical-subcortical circuits
Receptor interaction profiles of 4-alkoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamines (mescaline derivatives) and related amphetamines
Psilocybin targets a common molecular mechanism for cognitive impairment and increased craving in alcoholism
LSD induces increased signalling entropy in rats' prefrontal cortex
Low-dose LSD and the stream of thought: Increased Discontinuity of Mind, Deep Thoughts and abstract flow
Bridging the Gap? Altered Thalamocortical Connectivity in Psychotic and Psychedelic States
Serotonergic Psychedelics in Neural Plasticity
Baseline power of theta oscillations predicts mystical-type experiences induced by DMT in a natural setting
Neurological and cognitive alterations induced by MDMA in humans
Low doses of LSD reduce broadband oscillatory power and modulate event-related potentials in healthy adults
Psilocin, LSD, mescaline, and DOB all induce broadband desynchronization of EEG and disconnection in rats with robust translational validity
Prefrontal contributions to the stability and variability of thought and conscious experience
Critical Period Plasticity as a Framework for Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy
Neuropsychological Functioning in Users of Serotonergic Psychedelics – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
The entropic brain: a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs
The entropic brain - revisited
REBUS and the Anarchic Brain: Toward a Unified Model of the Brain Action of Psychedelics
LSD degrades hippocampal spatial representations and suppresses hippocampal-visual cortical interactions
Neural Mechanisms and Psychology of Psychedelic Ego Dissolution
The effects of tryptamine psychedelics in the brain: a meta-analysis of functional and review of molecular imaging studies
Consciousness in active inference: Deep self-models, other minds, and the challenge of psychedelic-induced ego-dissolution
Psilocybin Induces Aberrant Prediction Error Processing of Tactile Mismatch Responses-A Simultaneous EEG-FMRI Study
Psychedelic resting-state neuroimaging: a review and perspective on balancing replication and novel analyses
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine attenuates spreading depolarization and restrains neurodegeneration by sigma-1 receptor activation in the ischemic rat brain
Opposite alterations of 5HT2A receptor brain density in subjects with schizophrenia: relevance of radiotracers pharmacological profile
Future Directions for Clinical Psychedelic Research: The Relaxed Symptom Network
LSD flattens the brain′s energy landscape: evidence from receptor-informed network control theory
Psychedelics and Consciousness: Distinctions, Demarcations, and Opportunities
From hallucinations to synaesthesia: a circular inference account of unimodal and multimodal erroneous percepts in clinical and drug-induced psychosis
Increased sensitivity to strong perturbations in a whole-brain model of LSD
Serotonergic psychedelic drugs LSD and psilocybin reduce the hierarchical differentiation of unimodal and transmodal cortex
A Dendrite-Focused Framework for Understanding the Actions of Ketamine and Psychedelics
LSD and ketanserin and their impact on the human autonomic nervous system
Neural Correlates of the Shamanic State of Consciousness
Effects of Acute Drug Administration on Emotion: a Review of Pharmacological MRI Studies
Effects of ketamine on brain function during metacognition of episodic memory
Neural and subjective effects of inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine in natural settings
Ketamine anesthesia enhances fear memory consolidation via noradrenergic activation in the basolateral amygdala
EEG Gamma Band Alterations and REM-like Traits Underpin the Acute Effect of the Atypical Psychedelic Ibogaine in the Rat
Investigation of the Structure−Activity Relationships of Psilocybin Analogues
The Effects of Daytime Psilocybin Administration on Sleep: Implications for Antidepressant Action
Subacute Effects of the Psychedelic Ayahuasca on the Salience and Default Mode Networks
Preliminary report on the effects of a low dose of LSD on resting-state amygdala functional connectivity
Dynamic coupling of whole-brain neuronal and neurotransmitter systems
Therapeutic mechanisms of psilocybin: Changes in amygdala and prefrontal functional connectivity during emotional processing after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression
Dynamical exploration of the repertoire of brain networks at rest is modulated by psilocybin
Receptor-Enriched Analysis of functional connectivity by targets (REACT): A novel, multimodal analytical approach informed by PET to study the pharmacodynamic response of the brain under MDMA
Cytochrome P450 enzymes contribute to the metabolism of LSD to nor-LSD and 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD: Implications for clinical LSD use
Oxytocin-dependent reopening of a social reward learning critical period with MDMA
Ibogaine Administration Modifies GDNF and BDNF Expression in Brain Regions Involved in Mesocorticolimbic and Nigral Dopaminergic Circuits.
Effective connectivity changes in LSD-induced altered states of consciousness in humans
Effects of Ketamine on Brain Activity During Emotional Processing: Differential Findings in Depressed Versus Healthy Control Participants
Ketamine-Associated Brain Changes: A Review of the Neuroimaging Literature
The Varieties of the Psychedelic Experience: A Preliminary Study of the Association Between the Reported Subjective Effects and the Binding Affinity Profiles of Substituted Phenethylamines and Tryptamines
Whole-brain multimodal neuroimaging model using serotonin receptor maps explains non-linear functional effects of LSD
The neurobiology of depression, ketamine and rapid-acting antidepressants: Is it glutamate inhibition or activation?
A Single Dose of 5-MeO-DMT Stimulates Cell Proliferation, Neuronal Survivability, Morphological and Functional Changes in Adult Mice Ventral Dentate Gyrus
Ketamine normalizes brain activity during emotionally valenced attentional processing in depression
Dimensions of consciousness and the psychedelic state
Pharmacological fMRI: Effects of subanesthetic ketamine on resting-state functional connectivity in the default mode network, salience network, dorsal attention network and executive control network
Ibogaine Acute Administration in Rats Promotes Wakefulness, Long-Lasting REM Sleep Suppression, and a Distinctive Motor Profile
Psilocybin modulates functional connectivity of the amygdala during emotional face discrimination
Role of the 5-HT2A Receptor in Self- and Other-Initiated Social Interaction in Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-Induced States: A Pharmacological fMRI Study
Salvinorin A preserves cerebral pial artery autoregulation after forebrain ischemia via the PI3K/AKT/cGMP pathway
Mechanisms of ketamine action as an antidepressant
Ketamine has distinct electrophysiological and behavioral effects in depressed and healthy subjects
Ketamine blocks bursting in the lateral habenula to rapidly relieve depression
Changes in global and thalamic brain connectivity in LSD-induced altered states of consciousness are attributable to the 5-HT2A receptor
Increased amygdala responses to emotional faces after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression
Connectome-harmonic decomposition of human brain activity reveals dynamical repertoire re-organisation under LSD
The serotonin hallucinogen 5-MeO-DMT alters cortico-thalamic activity in freely moving mice: Regionally-selective involvement of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors
Ketamine’s antidepressant effect is mediated by energy metabolism and antioxidant defense system
N,N-dimethyltryptamine and the pineal gland: Separating fact from myth
Short term changes in the proteome of human cerebral organoids induced by 5-MeO-DMT
Acute LSD effects on response inhibition neural networks
MDMA Impairs Both the Encoding and Retrieval of Emotional Recollections
Inhibition of serotonin transporters disrupts the enhancement of fear memory extinction by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
Two dose investigation of the 5-HT-agonist psilocybin on relative and global cerebral blood flow
A Single Dose of LSD Does Not Alter Gene Expression of the Serotonin 2A Receptor Gene (HTR2A) or Early Growth Response Genes (EGR1-3) in Healthy Subjects
Increased spontaneous MEG signal diversity for psychoactive doses of ketamine, LSD and psilocybin
The Nucleus Accumbens and Ketamine Treatment in Major Depressive Disorder
Pharmacogenetics of ecstasy: CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP2B6 polymorphisms moderate pharmacokinetics of MDMA in healthy subjects
Effects of the Natural β-Carboline Alkaloid Harmine, a Main Constituent of Ayahuasca, in Memory and in the Hippocampus: A Systematic Literature Review of Preclinical Studies
Ketamine Treatment and Global Brain Connectivity in Major Depression
The Endogenous Hallucinogen and Trace Amine N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) Displays Potent Protective Effects against Hypoxia via Sigma-1 Receptor Activation in Human Primary iPSC-Derived Cortical Neurons and Microglia-Like Immune Cells
Glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid systems in the pathophysiology of major depression and antidepressant response to ketamine
NMDAR inhibition-independent antidepressant actions of ketamine metabolites
LSD alters eyes-closed functional connectivity within the early visual cortex in a retinotopic fashion
Ayahuasca: pharmacology, neuroscience and therapeutic potential
Meta-analysis of executive functioning in ecstasy/polydrug users
Oxytocin receptor gene variation predicts subjective responses to MDMA
Time course of pharmacokinetic and hormonal effects of inhaled high-dose salvinorin A in humans
The serotonergic hallucinogen 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine disrupts cortical activity in a regionally-selective manner via 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors
Modulatory effect of the 5-HT1A agonist buspirone and the mixed non-hallucinogenic 5-HT1A/2A agonist ergotamine on psilocybin-induced psychedelic experience
Behavioral and pharmacokinetic interactions between monoamine oxidase inhibitors and the hallucinogen 5-methoxy-NN-dimethyltryptamine
Serotonergic Hallucinogen-Induced Visual Perceptual Alterations
New World Tryptamine Hallucinogens and the Neuroscience of Ayahuasca
Neuroimaging in moderate MDMA use: A systematic review
Acute Biphasic Effects of Ayahuasca
Acute ketamine challenge increases resting state prefrontal-hippocampal connectivity in both humans and rats
Restructuring consciousness -the psychedelic state in light of integrated information theory
Salvinorin-A induces intense dissociative effects, blocking external sensory perception and modulating interoception and sense of body ownership in humans
Ketamine-induced modulation of the thalamo-cortical network in healthy volunteers as a model for schizophrenia
Ketamine induces a robust whole-brain connectivity pattern that can be differentially modulated by drugs of different mechanism and clinical profile
The psychedelic state induced by ayahuasca modulates the activity and connectivity of the default mode network
Antidepressant actions of ketamine: from molecular mechanisms to clinical practice
Recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens
The role of 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C and mGlu2 receptors in the behavioral effects of tryptamine hallucinogens N,N-dimethyltryptamine and N,N-diisopropyltryptamine in rats and mice
(R,S)-Ketamine metabolites (R,S)-norketamine and (2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine increase the mammalian target of rapamycin function
Pharmacology of Hallucinations: Several Mechanisms for One Single Symptom?
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder and the serotonergic system: A comprehensive review including new MDMA-related clinical cases
Interaction of psychoactive tryptamines with biogenic amine transporters and serotonin receptor subtypes
Classical hallucinogens as antidepressants? A review of pharmacodynamics and putative clinical roles
Reviewing the ketamine model for schizophrenia
Serotonergic hyperactivity as a potential factor in developmental, acquired and drug-induced synesthesia
Broadband Cortical Desynchronization Underlies the Human Psychedelic State
The default-mode, ego-functions and free-energy: a neurobiological account of Freudian ideas
When the endogenous hallucinogenic trace amine N, N-dimethyltryptamine meets the sigma-1 receptor
The pharmacology of lysergic acid diethylamide: a review
Serotonin research: contributions to understanding psychoses
Effects of varied doses of psilocybin on time interval reproduction in human subjects
Glutamate and the Neural Basis of the Subjective Effects of Ketamine: A Pharmaco–Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
The effects of the preferential 5-HT2A agonist psilocybin on prepulse inhibition of startle in healthy human volunteers depend on interstimulus interval
Hallucinogens recruit specific cortical 5-HT(2A) receptor-mediated signaling pathways to affect behavior
Effects of the South American psychoactive beverage ayahuasca on regional brain electrical activity in humans: a functional neuroimaging study using low-resolution electromagnetic tomography
Effects of ayahuasca on sensory and sensorimotor gating in humans as measured by P50 suppression and prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex, respectively
Topographic pharmaco-EEG mapping of the effects of the South American psychoactive beverage ayahuasca in healthy volunteers
The pharmacology of psilocybin
Psychopathological, neuroendocrine and autonomic effects of 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE), psilocybin and d-methamphetamine in healthy volunteers: results of an experimental double-blind placebo-controlled study
Psychedelic Effects of Ketamine in Healthy Volunteers: Relationship to Steady-state Plasma Concentrations
Mental changes experimentally produced by d-lysergic acid diethylamide tartrate